Dulvy, N. K. et al. You can swim but you can’t hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Aquat. Conserv. 18, 459–482 (2008).
Webb, T. J. & Mindel, B. L. Global patterns of extinction risk in marine and non-marine systems. Curr. Biol. 25, 506–511 (2015).
McCauley, D. J. et al. Marine defaunation: animal loss in the global ocean. Science 347, 1255641 (2015).
Tittensor, D. P. et al. A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets. Science 346, 241–244 (2014).
Butchart, S. H. et al. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328, 1164–1168 (2010).
Davidson, L. N., Krawchuk, M. A. & Dulvy, N. K. Why have global shark and ray landings declined: improved management or overfishing? Fish Fish. 17, 438–458 (2016).
Dulvy, N. K. et al. Challenges and priorities in shark and ray conservation. Curr. Biol. 27, R565–R572 (2017).
Simpfendorfer, C. A. & Dulvy, N. K. Bright spots of sustainable shark fishing. Curr. Biol. 27, R97–R98 (2017).
Sumaila, U. R. et al. Benefits of rebuilding global marine fisheries outweigh costs. PLoS ONE 7, e40542 (2012).
Brooks, T. M. et al. Harnessing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to track the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Goals. Biodiversity (Nepean) 16, 157–174 (2015).
FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All (FAO, 2016).
Hicks, C. C. et al. Harnessing global fisheries to tackle micronutrient deficiencies. Nature 574, 95–98 (2019).
Pereira, H. M., Navarro, L. M. & Martins, I. S. Global biodiversity change: the bad, the good, and the unknown. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37, 25–50 (2012).
Stein, R. W. et al. Global priorities for conserving the evolutionary history of sharks, rays and chimaeras. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 288–298 (2018).
Pimiento, C. et al. Functional diversity of marine megafauna in the Anthropocene. Sci. Adv. 6, eaay7650 (2020).
Dulvy, N. K. et al. Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays. eLife 3, e00590 (2014).
Stuart, S. N. et al. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306, 1783–1786 (2004).
Hoffmann, M. et al. The impact of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330, 1503–1509 (2010).
Pardo, S. A., Kindsvater, H. K., Reynolds, J. D. & Dulvy, N. K. Maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks, rays, and chimaeras: the importance of survival to maturity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 73, 1159–1163 (2016).
McClenachan, L., Cooper, A. B. & Dulvy, N. K. Rethinking trade-driven extinction risk in marine and terrestrial megafauna. Curr. Biol. 26, 1640–1646 (2016).
Clarke, S. C. et al. Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets. Ecol. Lett. 9, 1115–1126 (2006).
Brander, K. Disappearance of common skate Raia batis from Irish Sea. Nature 290, 48–49 (1981).
Manire, C. A. & Gruber, S. H. Many sharks may be headed toward extinction. Conserv. Biol. 4, 10–11 (1990).
Southeast Data, Assessment, and Review (SEDAR). Update Assessment to SEDAR 21, HMS Dusky Shark http://sedarweb.org/docs/suar/Dusky_update_report_2016.pdf (SEDAR, 2016).
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. Report of the 2019 ICCAT Shortfin Mako Shark Stock Assessment Update Meeting. (ICCAT, 2019).
Dudley, S. F. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. Population status of 14 shark species caught in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal beaches, South Africa, 1978–2003. Mar. Freshw. Res. 57, 225–240 (2006).
Roff, G., Brown, C. J., Priest, M. A. & Mumby, P. J. Decline of coastal apex shark populations over the past half century. Commun. Biol. 1, 223 (2018).
Jiao, Y., Cortés, E., Andrews, K. & Guo, F. Poor‐data and data‐poor species stock assessment using a Bayesian hierarchical approach. Ecol. Appl. 21, 2691–2708 (2011).
Cortés, E. et al. Ecological risk assessment of pelagic sharks caught in Atlantic pelagic longline fisheries. Aquat. Living Resour. 23, 25–34 (2010).
Loh, J. et al. The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360, 289–295 (2005).
Butchart, S. H. et al. Improvements to the Red List Index. PLoS ONE 2, e140 (2007).
Winker, H., Carvalho, F. & Kapur, M. JABBA: Just Another Bayesian Biomass Assessment. Fish. Res. 204, 275–288 (2018).
Sherley, R. B. et al. Estimating IUCN Red List population reduction: JARA—a decision‐support tool applied to pelagic sharks. Conserv. Lett. 13, e12688 (2020).
Punt, A. E. & Smith, A. D. in Conservation of Exploited Species (ed. Reynolds, J. D.) 41–66 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001).
Marler, P. N. & Marler, T. E. An assessment of Red List data for the Cycadales. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 8, 1114–1125 (2015).
Anticamara, J. A., Watson, R., Gelchu, A. & Pauly, D. Global fishing effort (1950–2010): trends, gaps, and implications. Fish. Res. 107, 131–136 (2011).
Vannuccini, S. Shark Utilization, Marketing, and Trade (FAO, 1999).
Salafsky, N. et al. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conserv. Biol. 22, 897–911 (2008).
Juan-Jordá, M. J., Mosqueira, I., Cooper, A. B., Freire, J. & Dulvy, N. K. Global population trajectories of tunas and their relatives. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 20650–20655 (2011).
Lawson, J. M. & Fordham, F. Realizing the Potential of the Convention on Migratory Species to Conserve Elasmobranchs https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/CMS-SAI-76pp-FINAL-5DEC-HIGH%20%281%29-min.pdf (Shark Advocates International, 2018).
Juan‐Jordá, M. J., Murua, H., Arrizabalaga, H., Dulvy, N. K. & Restrepo, V. Report card on ecosystem‐based fisheries management in tuna regional fisheries management organizations. Fish Fish. 19, 321–339 (2018).
Gilman, E., Passfield, K. & Nakamura, K. Performance of regional fisheries management organizations: ecosystem‐based governance of bycatch and discards. Fish Fish. 15, 327–351 (2014).
Curtis, T. H. et al. Seasonal distribution and historic trends in abundance of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the western North Atlantic Ocean. PLoS ONE 9, e99240 (2014).
Queiroz, N. et al. Global spatial risk assessment of sharks under the footprint of fisheries. Nature 572, 461–466 (2019).
Peterson, C. D. et al. Preliminary recovery of coastal sharks in the south‐east United States. Fish Fish. 18, 845–859 (2017).
Jennings, S. Reporting and advising on the effects of fishing. Fish Fish. 8, 269–276 (2007).
Kitchell, J. F., Essington, T. E., Boggs, C. H., Schindler, D. E. & Walters, C. J. The role of sharks and longline fisheries in a pelagic ecosystem of the central Pacific. Ecosystems (N. Y.) 5, 202–216 (2002).
Polovina, J. J., Abecassis, M., Howell, E. A. & Woodworth, P. Increases in the relative abundance of mid-trophic level fishes concurrent with declines in apex predators in the subtropical North Pacific, 1996–2006. Fish Bull. 107, 523–531 (2009).
Jabado, R. W. et al. Troubled waters: threats and extinction risk of the sharks, rays and chimaeras of the Arabian Sea and adjacent waters. Fish Fish. 19, 1043–1062 (2018).
Costello, C. et al. Global fishery prospects under contrasting management regimes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 5125–5129 (2016).
Tremblay-Boyer, L., Carvalho, F., Neubauer, P. & Pilling, G. M. Stock Assessment for Oceanic Whitetip Shark in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. Scientific Committee Fifteenth Regular Session Report. No. WCPFC-SC15-2019/SA-WP-06 (WCPFC, 2019).
Cailliet, G. M. & Goldman, K. J. in Biology of Sharks and their Relatives (eds Carrier, J. C., Musick, J. A. & Heithaus, M. R.) 404–453 (CRC, 2004).
Cailliet, G. M. Perspectives on elasmobranch life‐history studies: a focus on age validation and relevance to fishery management. J. Fish Biol. 87, 1271–1292 (2015).
Harry, A. V. Evidence for systemic age underestimation in shark and ray ageing studies. Fish Fish. 19, 185–200 (2018).
IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13 (IUCN, 2017).
Pacifici, M. et al. Generation length for mammals. Nat. Conserv. 5, 89–94 (2013).
Winker, H., Pacoureau, N. & Sherley, R. B. JARA: ‘Just Another Red-List Assessment’. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/672899 (2020).
Gelman, A. & Rubin, D. B. Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Stat. Sci. 7, 457–472 (1992).
Conn, P. B., Johnson, D. S., Williams, P. J., Melin, S. R. & Hooten, M. B. A guide to Bayesian model checking for ecologists. Ecol. Monogr. 88, 526–542 (2018).
Gelman, A. et al. Bayesian Data Analysis (CRC, 2013).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2018).
Su, Y.-S. & Yajima, M. R2jags: using R to run ‘JAGS’. R package version 0.5-7, Vol. 34 https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/R2jags/index.html (2015).
Plummer, M. JAGS version 4.3.0 User Manual (2017).
Pauly, D., Zeller, D. & Palomares, M. L. D. Sea Around Us Concepts, Design and Data. http://www.seaaroundus.org/ (2015).
IUCN. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-2 http://www.iucnredlist.org (IUCN, 2019).
Takeuchi, Y., Tremblay-Boyer, L., Pilling, G. M. & Hampton, J. Assessment of Blue Shark in the Southwestern Pacific. Scientific Committee Twelfth Regular Session Report. No. WCPFC-SC12-2016/SA-WP-08 REV1 (WCPFC, 2016).