• 1.

    Galeev, A. A., Rosner, R. & Vaiana, G. S. Structured coronae of accretion disks. Astrophys. J. 229, 318–326 (1979).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 2.

    Haardt, F. & Maraschi, L. A two-phase model for the X-ray emission from Seyfert galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 380, L51 (1991).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 3.

    Merloni, A. & Fabian, A. C. Thunderclouds and accretion discs: a model for the spectral and temporal variability of Seyfert 1 galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328, 958–968 (2001).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 4.

    George, I. M. & Fabian, A. C. X-ray reflection from cold matter in active galactic nuclei and X-ray binaries. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 249, 352–367 (1991).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 5.

    Uttley, P., Cackett, E. M., Fabian, A. C., Kara, E. & Wilkins, D. R. X-ray reverberation around accreting black holes. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 22, 72 (2014).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 6.

    Fabian, A. C. et al. Broad line emission from iron K- and L-shell transitions in the active galaxy 1H0707–495. Nature 459, 540–542 (2009).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 7.

    Boller, T., Brandt, W. N. & Fink, H. Soft X-ray properties of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 305, 53 (1996).

    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 8.

    Gallo, L. C. Investigating the nature of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with high-energy spectral complexity. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 479–486 (2006).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 9.

    Wilkins, D. R. et al. Revealing structure and evolution within the corona of the Seyfert galaxy I Zw 1. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 471, 4436–4451 (2017).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 10.

    Gallo, L. C., Brandt, W. N., Costantini, E. & Fabian, A. C. A longer XMM-Newton look at I Zwicky 1—distinct modes of X-ray spectral variability. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 377, 1375–1382 (2007).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 11.

    Reynolds, C. S., Young, A. J., Begelman, M. C. & Fabian, A. C. X-ray iron line reverberation from black hole accretion disks. Astrophys. J. 514, 164–179 (1999).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 12.

    Wilkins, D. R., Cackett, E. M., Fabian, A. C. & Reynolds, C. S. Towards modelling X-ray reverberation in AGN: piecing together the extended corona. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458, 200–225 (2016).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 13.

    Harrison, F. A. et al. The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) high-energy X-ray mission. Astrophys. J. 770, 103 (2013).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 14.

    Jansen, F. et al. XMM-Newton observatory. I. The spacecraft and operations. Astron. Astrophys. 365, L1–L6 (2001).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 15.

    Risaliti, G. et al. A rapidly spinning supermassive black hole at the centre of NGC 1365. Nature 494, 449–451 (2013).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 16.

    Fabian, A. C., Rees, M. J., Stella, L. & White, N. E. X-ray fluorescence from the inner disc in Cygnus X-1. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 238, 729–736 (1989).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 17.

    Wilkins, D. R. et al. Flaring from the supermassive black hole in Mrk 335 studied with Swift and NuSTAR. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 454, 4440–4451 (2015).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 18.

    Strüder, L. et al. The European photon imaging camera on XMM-Newton: the pn-CCD camera. Astron. Astrophys. 365, L18–L26 (2001).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 19.

    Dauser, T. et al. Normalizing a relativistic model of X-ray reflection. Definition of the reflection fraction and its implementation in relxill. Astron. Astrophys. 590, A76 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 20.

    García, J. & Kallman, T. R. X-ray reflected spectra from accretion disk models. I. Constant density atmospheres. Astrophys. J. 718, 695–706 (2010).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 21.

    García, J., Kallman, T. R. & Mushotzky, R. F. X-ray reflected spectra from accretion disk models. II. Diagnostic tools for X-ray observations. Astrophys. J. 731, 131 (2011).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 22.

    García, J. et al. X-Ray reflected spectra from accretion disk models. III. A complete grid of ionized reflection calculations. Astrophys. J. 768, 146 (2013).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 23.

    Dauser, T., Wilms, J., Reynolds, C. S. & Brenneman, L. W. Broad emission lines for a negatively spinning black hole. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 409, 1534–1540 (2010).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 24.

    Silva, C. V. et al. The variability of the warm absorber in I Zwicky 1 as seen by XMM-Newton. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 2334–2342 (2018).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 25.

    Costantini, E., Gallo, L. C., Brandt, W. N., Fabian, A. C. & Boller, T. A longer XMM-Newton look at I Zwicky 1: physical conditions and variability of the ionized absorbers. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 378, 873–880 (2007).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 26.

    García, J. A. et al. The effects of high density on the X-ray spectrum reflected from accretion discs around black holes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462, 751–760 (2016).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 27.

    Done, C., Davis, S. W., Jin, C., Blaes, O. & Ward, M. Intrinsic disc emission and the soft X-ray excess in active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 420, 1848–1860 (2012).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 28.

    Wilkins, D. R. & Fabian, A. C. Understanding X-ray reflection emissivity profiles in AGN: locating the X-ray source. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 424, 1284–1296 (2012).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 29.

    Wilkins, D. R. & Fabian, A. C. The origin of the lag spectra observed in AGN: reverberation and the propagation of X-ray source fluctuations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 430, 247–258 (2013).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 30.

    Press, W. H. & Schechter, P. Remark on the statistical significance of flares in Poisson count data. Astrophys. J. 193, 437–442 (1974).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 31.

    Emmanoulopoulos, D., McHardy, I. M. & Papadakis, I. E. Generating artificial light curves: revisited and updated. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 433, 907–927 (2013).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 32.

    Iwasawa, K., Miniutti, G. & Fabian, A. C. Flux and energy modulation of redshifted iron emission in NGC 3516: implications for the black hole mass. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 355, 1073–1079 (2004).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 33.

    Narayan, R. & Quataert, E. Black hole accretion. Science 307, 77 (2005).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 34.

    Huang, Y.-K. et al. Reverberation mapping of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy I Zwicky 1: black hole mass. Astrophys. J. 876, 102 (2019).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 35.

    Vestergaard, M. & Peterson, B. M. Determining central black hole masses in distant active galaxies and quasars. II. Improved optical and UV scaling relationships. Astrophys. J. 641, 689–709 (2006).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 36.

    Collin, S., Kawaguchi, T., Peterson, B. M. & Vestergaard, M. Systematic effects in measurement of black hole masses by emission-line reverberation of active galactic nuclei: Eddington ratio and inclination. Astron. Astrophys. 456, 75–90 (2006).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar