The claim: “Less than one in a quadrillion” chance Joe Biden legitimately won Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania or Wisconsin
Nonsense dressed up in statistical jargon is still nonsense.
And that’s what we find in the Texas attorney general’s unprecedented lawsuit asking the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn election results in Wisconsin, Georgia, Michigan and Pennsylvania.
A claim gaining particular traction online purports to calculate the likelihood of those four states — all won by Democrat Joe Biden — shifting away from President Donald Trump, who led earlier in the vote-counting process.
“The probability of former Vice President Biden winning the popular vote in the four Defendant States — Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin — independently given President Trump’s early lead in those States as of 3 a.m. on November 4, is less than one in a quadrillion, or 1 in 1,000,000,000,000,000,” says the lawsuit, citing calculations by Charles J. Cicchetti.
Claims about this 1 in a quadrillion chance spread widely on Facebook after the Dec. 8 lawsuit. White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany repeated the claim that day, as did articles on various conservativewebsites.
As proof, the lawsuit attached a “declaration” from Cicchetti presenting his justification for this claim, describing his hypothesis testing and calculation of Z-scores and p-values.
But statistical calculations are only as good as the assumptions underpinning them, and Cicchetti’s are wildly wrong.
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Let’s take a closer look.
The illogical claim
Cicchetti’s analysis flops because he makes the same error in multiple ways — assuming any two large groups of voters should generate substantially similar results.
But, groups can split drastically by geography. In Wisconsin, for example, Milwaukee County and Ozaukee County are next to each other, but one went 69% for Biden and the other 55% for Trump because demographics in the two counties are very different.
And groups can split by voting method. Across the 20 states that report votes by party registration, when it came to in-person voting, Republicans led by a 42% to 36% margin in November’s election (with 22% listing no affiliation), while Democrats had a 48% to 27% edge in mail-in balloting (with 25% listing no affiliation), according to the U.S. Elections Project.
So a key part of understanding why early and late returns differ is looking at where those votes came from and how they were cast. This claim ignores that question altogether to treat each vote as if it were a coin flip.
Kenneth Mayer, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin Madison, said Cicchetti’s approach is “ludicrous.”
“The analysis assumes that votes are all independently and randomly distributed,” he said in an email. “This is going to be used in undergraduate statistics classes as a canonical example of how not to do statistics.”
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Absentee ballots change everything
The observed party split by voting method is key to understanding the absurdity of this claim.
Cicchetti’s defense — in a description of his methodology attached to the lawsuit — focuses primarily on Georgia, noting Trump was leading 51% to 49% at 3 a.m. on Nov. 4 but wound up narrowly losing the state.
“The Georgia reversal in the outcome raises questions because the votes tabulated in the two time periods could not be random samples from the same population of votes cast,” Cicchetti says.
While he’s close to getting it right, Cicchetti ends up getting it wrong.
The issue is indeed that votes from before and after that point can’t be random samples. But it’s not because of fraud as the lawsuit suggests — it’s because of which votes were counted when.
In Georgia, the secretary of state announced late morning Nov. 4 that about 200,000 absentee ballots had yet to be counted, most from DeKalb and Fulton counties around Atlanta. DeKalb ended up going 83% for Biden, and Fulton 73% for Biden, so of course adding in the votes from those areas moved the vote total in Biden’s direction.
Cicchetti’s explanation says there was “speculation” that those last ballots counted were absentee ballots, but he wasn’t “aware of any actual data supporting that.” That is ridiculous and false.
Cicchetti did not respond to an email seeking further information on his methodology.
The same thing played out in Wisconsin, where 170,000 absentee ballots in Milwaukee were among the last large blocks of votes reported. As has been noted by PolitiFact, this late swing toward Biden was anything but a surprise.
- Milwaukee is a longtime Democratic stronghold. In 2016, Hillary Clinton won the city of Milwaukee 77%-18%.
- We knew well before the election that Democrats were much more likely than Republicans to vote absentee. Polling showed 81% of the people planning to vote absentee in Wisconsin supported Biden.
- We knew it was going to take a long time to count the absentee ballots, leading them to be reported later.
In fact, each of the four states cited in the Texas lawsuit (and Cicchetti’s analysis) don’t allow absentee votes to be counted before Election Day.
This causes a bottleneck particularly in the most populous counties — which are, of course, centered around heavily Democratic cities. Those areas were long expected to be the last to report their results, and that’s just what happened with results from around Atlanta, Milwaukee, Detroit and Philadelphia.
Cicchetti’s methodology doesn’t defend his “one in a quadrillion” number specifically for Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and Michigan aside from noting each state had between 69% and 89% of the vote tabulated before the latest reports. He says that leaves a large enough sample size of uncounted ballots that we should “expect comparable percentages and vote margins” before and after that point.
Again, this ignores the indisputable fact that those were votes from dramatically different groups of voters.
“Cicchetti doesn’t even provide the relevant probability (in his methodology). He doesn’t consider obvious alternative explanations. And he makes a basic error in interpretation,” Justin Grimmer, a Stanford University professor of political science, said on Twitter. “I’m sure this claim will now become canon in election-conspiracy media, particularly given that Trump retweeted it. I’m frankly embarrassed that such statistical incompetence would appear in such a high profile venue.”
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Margins move throughout the counting process in every election since, as the Washington Post noted Dec. 9 in rebutting this claim, “States aren’t homogeneous entities with one Democrat and one Republican in each square meter of space.” And they move in both directions.
The lawsuit fails to note, for example, that Biden was ahead as the first 80% of ballots were counted in North Carolina, but ultimately lost the state to Trump because the outstanding votes were in heavily Republican areas.
USA TODAY reached out to three of the websites that amplified the quadrillion claim. We did not hear back from BPR Business & Politics or American Wire, but a PJ Media reporter replied to note his story linked to the Grimmer’s critique. That was tucked in at the end of a story that otherwise passed along Cicchetti’s claims as fact.
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Another nonsense “quadrillion” claim
As a quick aside, we’ll note the lawsuit makes a similar claim of a “less than one in a quadrillion” chance that Biden would perform as he did in Wisconsin, Michigan, Georgia and Pennsylvania given Democrat Hillary Clinton’s performance in those states in 2016.
That’s equally ridiculous.
We’ll let the Washington Post take it away on this one:
< p class="gnt_ar_b_p">It’s completely unclear where this number comes from. Particularly since Biden’s improvements over the 2016 Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, were fairly modest in those four states. Clinton lost to Trump by about 290,000 votes across the four states; Biden won them by about 270,000. That’s a swing of about a third of a percentage point relative to all of the votes cast in 2020. Yes, Biden got more votes than Clinton, averaging about 23 percent more votes across the four states. But Trump added an average of 16 percent more votes.
Our rating: False
We rate this claim FALSE because it is not supported by our research. What masquerades as a statistical analysis is actually a logical wasteland that ignores fundamental facts that make all the difference.
The votes still uncounted when Trump had his short-lived lead were largely absentee ballots from major cities. Those cities have consistently voted Democratic historically, and mail-in votes within them should be expected to lean even more that direction since Trump had attacked that method of voting leading up to the election while Biden encouraged it.
Our fact-check sources:
- U.S. Supreme Court case, Dec. 8, State of Texas v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of Georgia, State of Michigan, and State of Wisconsin
- Email exchange with Ken Mayer, political science professor at the University of Wisconsin, Dec. 9
- PolitiFact, Nov. 4, No, President Trump, ‘ballot dumps’ in key states were not a magical surprise
- PolitiFact Wisconsin, Nov. 20, Trump again flat wrong with claims about Wisconsin voter fraud
- Reason.com, Dec. 9, More on Statistical Stupidity at SCOTUS
- Atlanta Journal Constitution, Nov. 3-4, UPDATES: 90,000 ballots still uncounted in Georgia
- Fox5 Atlanta, Nov. 4, 200,000 absentee ballots still outstanding in Georgia, Secretary of State says
- USA TODAY, Nov. 10, Four maps that show how America voted in the 2020 election with results by county, number of voters
- National Conference of State Legislatures, Oct. 1, VOPP Table 16: When Absentee/Mail Ballot Processing and Counting Can Begin
- U.S. Elections Project, Nov. 23, General Election Early Vote Statistics
Contact Eric Litke at (414) 225-5061 or [email protected]. Follow him on Twitter at @ericlitke.
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