• 1.

    Clayton, D. D. & Nittler, L. R. Astrophysics with presolar stardust. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42, 39–78 (2004).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 2.

    Wilson, T. L. & Matteucci, F. Abundances in the interstellar medium. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 4, 1–33 (1992).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 3.

    Woods, P. M. & Willacy, K. Carbon isotope fractionation in protoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. 693, 1360–1378 (2009).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 4.

    Langer, W. D. & Penzias, A. A. 12C/13C isotope ratio in the local interstellar medium from observations of 13C18O in molecular clouds. Astrophys. J. 408, 539–547 (1993).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 5.

    Milam, S. N., Savage, C., Brewster, M. A., Ziurys, L. M. & Wyckoff, S. The 12C/13C isotope gradient derived from millimeter transitions of CN: the case for galactic chemical evolution. Astrophys. J. 634, 1126–1132 (2005).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 6.

    Prantzos, N., Aubert, O. & Audouze, J. Evolution of the carbon and oxygen isotopes in the Galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. 309, 760–774 (1996).

    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 7.

    Smith, R. L., Pontoppidan, K. M., Young, E. D. & Morris, M. R. Heterogeneity in 12CO/13CO abundance ratios toward solar-type young stellar objects. Astrophys. J. 813, 120 (2015).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 8.

    Langer, W. D., Graedel, T. E., Frerking, M. A. & Armentrout, P. B. Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation in dense interstellar clouds. Astrophys. J. 277, 581–604 (1984).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 9.

    Bally, J. & Langer, W. D. Isotope-selective photodestruction of carbon monoxide. Astrophys. J. 255, 143–148 (1982).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 10.

    Bohn, A. J. et al. The Young Suns Exoplanet Survey: detection of a wide-orbit planetary-mass companion to a solar-type Sco–Cen member. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 492, 431–443 (2020).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 11.

    Pecaut, M. J. & Mamajek, E. E. The star formation history and accretion-disc fraction among the K-type members of the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 461, 794–815 (2016).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 12.

    Bohn, A. J. et al. Two directly imaged, wide-orbit giant planets around the young, solar analog TYC 8998–760–1. Astrophys. J. 898, L16 (2020).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 13.

    Eisenhauer, F. et al. SINFONI—integral field spectroscopy at 50 milli-arcsecond resolution with the ESO VLT. In Proc. SPIE Vol. 4841 (eds Iye, M. & Moorwood, A. F.M.) 1548–1561 (SPIE, 2003).

  • 14.

    Bonnet, H. et al. First light of SINFONI at the VLT. Messenger 117, 17–24 (2004).

    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 15.

    van Holstein, R. G. et al. A survey of the linear polarization of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarf companions with SPHERE-IRDIS. First polarimetric detections revealing disks around DH Tau B and GSC 6214−210 B. Astron. Astrophys. 647, A21 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 16.

    Mollière, P. et al. petitRADTRANS. A Python radiative transfer package for exoplanet characterization and retrieval. Astron. Astrophys. 627, A67 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 17.

    Buchner, J. et al. Astrophysics X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue. Astron. Astrophys. 564, A125 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 18.

    Mollière, P. & Snellen, I. A. G. Detecting isotopologues in exoplanet atmospheres using ground-based high-dispersion spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 622, A139 (2019).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 19.

    Öberg, K. I., Murray-Clay, R. & Bergin, E. A. The effects of snowlines on C/O in planetary atmospheres. Astrophys. J. 743, L16 (2011).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 20.

    Mollière, P. et al. Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e. Astron. Astrophys. 640, A131 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 21.

    Benneke, B. & Seager, S. How to distinguish between cloudy mini-Neptunes and water/volatile- dominated super-Earths. Astrophys. J. 778, 153 (2013).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 22.

    Jørgensen, J. K. et al. The ALMA Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (PILS). Astron. Astrophys. 595, A117 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 23.

    Jørgensen, J. K. et al. The ALMA-PILS survey: isotopic composition of oxygen-containing complex organic molecules toward IRAS 16293–2422B. Astron. Astrophys. 620, A170 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 24.

    Acharyya, K., Fuchs, G. W., Fraser, H. J., van Dishoeck, E. F. & Linnartz, H. Desorption of CO and O2 interstellar ice analogs. Astron. Astrophys. 466, 1005–1012 (2007).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 25.

    Miotello, A., Bruderer, S. & van Dishoeck, E. F. Protoplanetary disk masses from CO isotopologue line emission. Astron. Astrophys. 572, A96 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 26.

    Cridland, A. J., Bosman, A. D. & van Dishoeck, E. F. Impact of vertical gas accretion on the carbon-to-oxygen ratio of gas giant atmospheres. Astron. Astrophys. 635, A68 (2020).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 27.

    Qi, C. et al. Imaging of the CO snow line in a solar nebula analog. Science 341, 630–632 (2013).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 28.

    Morbidelli, A., Levison, H. F., Tsiganis, K. & Gomes, R. Chaotic capture of Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids in the early Solar System. Nature 435, 462–465 (2005).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 29.

    Feuchtgruber, H. et al. The D/H ratio in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune from Herschel-PACS observations. Astron. Astrophys. 551, A126 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 30.

    Morley, C. V. et al. Measuring the D/H ratios of exoplanets and brown dwarfs. Astrophys. J. 882, L29 (2019).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 31.

    Horne, K. An optimal extraction algorithm for CCD spectroscopy. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 98, 609–617 (1986).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 32.

    Husser, T.-O. et al. A new extensive library of PHOENIX stellar atmospheres and synthetic spectra. Astron. Astrophys. 553, A6 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 33.

    Shokry, A. et al. Stellar parameters of Be stars observed with X-shooter. Astron. Astrophys. 609, A108 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 34.

    McDonald, I., Zijlstra, A. A. & Boyer, M. L. Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Hipparcos stars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 427, 343–357 (2012).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 35.

    Smette, A. et al. Molecfit: a general tool for telluric absorption correction. Astron. Astrophys. 576, A77 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 36.

    Feroz, F., Hobson, M. P. & Bridges, M. MultiNest: an efficient and robust Bayesian inference tool for cosmology and particle physics. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 398, 1601–1614 (2009).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 37.

    Nowak, M. et al. Peering into the formation history of β Pictoris b with VLTI/GRAVITY long-baseline interferometry. Astron. Astrophys. 633, A110 (2020).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 38.

    Wakeford, H. R. et al. High-temperature condensate clouds in super-hot Jupiter atmospheres. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 464, 4247–4254 (2017).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 39.

    Muzerolle, J., Hartmann, L. & Calvet, N. A Brγ probe of disk accretion in T Tauri stars and embedded young stellar objects. Astron. J. 116, 2965–2974 (1998).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 40.

    Reid, I. N. et al. Meeting the cool neighbors. X. Ultracool dwarfs from the 2MASS all-sky data release. Astron. J. 136, 1290–1311 (2008).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • 41.

    Bryan, M. L. et al. Constraints on the spin evolution of young planetary-mass companions. New Astron. 2, 138–144 (2018).


    Google Scholar